7 posts tagged with "web development"

When you're building a web or mobile app, one of the first things you’ll need is a way to let users log in securely. That’s where Amazon Cognito comes in. It helps you manage authentication without having to build everything from scratch.

In this post, we’ll break down how to use Amazon Cognito with the OAuth 2.0 Authorization Code Grant flow—the secure and scalable way to handle user login.

What is Amazon Cognito?#

Amazon Cognito is a user authentication and authorization service from AWS. Think of it as a toolbox for managing sign-ups, logins, and secure access to your app. Here’s what it can do:

• Support multiple login options: Email, phone, or social logins (Google, Facebook, Apple).
• Manage users: Sign-up, sign-in, and password recovery via user pools.
• Access AWS services securely: Through identity pools.
• Use modern authentication: Supports OAuth 2.0, OpenID Connect, and SAML.

📚 Learn more in the Amazon Cognito Documentation

Why Use Amazon Cognito?#

• Scales with your app: Handles millions of users effortlessly.
• Secure token management: Keeps user credentials and sessions safe.
• Easy social logins: No need to build separate Google/Facebook integration.
• Customizable: Configure user pools, password policies, and even enable MFA.
• Tightly integrated with AWS: Works great with API Gateway, Lambda, and S3.

It’s like plugging in a powerful login system without reinventing the wheel.

🔍 Need a refresher on OAuth 2.0 concepts? Check out OAuth 2.0 and OpenID Connect Overview

How Amazon Cognito Works ?#

Cognito is split into two parts:

1. User Pools#

• Handles user sign-ups, sign-ins, and account recovery.
• Provides access_token, id_token, and refresh_token for each user session.

2. Identity Pools#

• Assigns temporary AWS credentials to authenticated users.
• Uses IAM roles to control what each user can access.

When using OAuth 2.0, most of the action happens in the user pool.

Step-by-Step: Using OAuth 2.0 Authorization Code Grant with Cognito#

Step 1: Create a User Pool#

1. Head over to the AWS Console and create a new User Pool.
2. Under App Clients, create a client and:
   • Enable Authorization Code Grant.
   • Set your redirect URI (e.g., https://yourapp.com/callback).
   • Choose OAuth scopes like openid, email, and profile.
3. Note down the App Client ID and Cognito domain name.

💡 Want to see this in action with JavaScript? Here's a quick read: Using OAuth 2.0 and Amazon Cognito with JavaScript

Step 2: Redirect Users to Cognito#

When someone clicks "Log In" on your app, redirect them to Cognito's OAuth2 authorize endpoint:

After login, Cognito will redirect back to your app with a code in the URL:

📘 For more on how this flow works, check OAuth 2.0 Authorization Code Flow Explained

Step 3: Exchange Code for Tokens#

Use the code to request tokens from Cognito:

Step 4: Use the Tokens#

Once you get the tokens:

• access_token: Use this to call your APIs.
• id_token: Contains user info like name and email.
• refresh_token: Helps you get new tokens when the current one expires.

Example API call:

When to Use Authorization Code Grant?#

This flow is ideal for server-side apps. It keeps sensitive data (like tokens) away from the browser, making it more secure.

Why This Setup Rocks#

• Security-first: Tokens are exchanged on the backend.
• Scalable: Works even if your app grows to millions of users.
• AWS-native: Plays nicely with other AWS services.

Conclusion#

Amazon Cognito takes the pain out of managing authentication. Combine it with OAuth 2.0’s Authorization Code Grant, and you’ve got a secure, scalable login system that just works. Start experimenting with Cognito and see how quickly you can secure your app. Stay tuned for more tutorials, and drop your questions below if you want help with setup!

If you're looking to take your environment management further, check out how Nife handles secrets and secure configurations. It's designed to simplify secret management while keeping your workflows safe and efficient.

Nife supports a wide range of infrastructure platforms, including AWS EKS. See how teams are integrating their EKS clusters with Nife to streamline operations and unlock more value from their cloud environments.

So, you're setting up PHP and things aren't going as smoothly as you hoped. Maybe you're staring at a php -v error or wondering why your server is throwing a 502 Bad Gateway at you. Don’t sweat it—we’ve all been there.

In this guide, we’re going to walk through the most common PHP installation issues, explain what’s happening behind the scenes, and show you how to fix them without losing your sanity. Whether you’re setting up PHP for the first time or maintaining an existing server, there’s something here for you.

Install PHP on Ubuntu Server

First, What Makes Up a PHP Setup?#

Before diving into the fix-it steps, let’s quickly look at the key parts of a typical PHP setup:

• PHP Binary – The main engine that runs your PHP scripts.
• php.ini File – The config file that controls things like error reporting, memory limits, and file uploads.
• PHP Extensions – Add-ons like MySQL drivers or image processing libraries.
• PHP-FPM (FastCGI Process Manager) – Manages PHP processes when working with a web server like Nginx or Apache.
• Web Server – Apache, Nginx, etc. It passes web requests to PHP and serves the results.

Understanding how these parts work together makes troubleshooting way easier. Now, let’s fix things up!

1. PHP Not Found? Let’s Install It#

Tried running php -v and got a "command not found" error? That means PHP isn’t installed—or your system doesn’t know where to find it.

Install PHP#

On Ubuntu:

On CentOS:

On macOS (with Homebrew):

Verify Installation#

Run:

If that doesn’t work, check if PHP is in your system’s $PATH. If not, you’ll need to add it.

Full PHP install guide on phoenixnap

2. No php.ini File? Here’s the Fix#

You’ve installed PHP, but it’s not picking up your php.ini configuration file? You might see something like:

Find or Create php.ini#

Common locations:

• /etc/php.ini
• /usr/local/lib/php.ini
• Bitnami stacks: /opt/bitnami/php/etc/php.ini

If missing, copy a sample config:

Then restart PHP or PHP-FPM to apply the changes.

Understanding php.ini

3. Set Your PHPRC Variable#

Still no luck loading the config? Set the PHPRC environment variable to explicitly tell PHP where your config file lives:

To make it stick, add it to your shell config (e.g. ~/.bashrc or ~/.zshrc):

Learn more: PHP Environment Variables Explained

4. PHP-FPM Not Running? Restart It#

Getting a 502 Bad Gateway? That usually means PHP-FPM is down.

Restart PHP-FPM#

On Ubuntu/Debian:

On CentOS/RHEL:

Bitnami stack:

Check if it's running:

If not, check the logs (see below).

5. Development vs. Production Settings#

PHP offers two default config templates:

• php.ini-development – More error messages, ideal for dev work.
• php.ini-production – Safer settings, ideal for live sites.

Pick the one that fits your needs, and copy it to the right spot:

More details: PHP Runtime Configuration

6. Still Stuck? Check the Logs#

Logs are your best friends when troubleshooting.

PHP error log:

PHP-FPM error log:

These will give you insight into config issues, missing extensions, and more.

Common PHP Errors & Fixes

Conclusion#

Getting PHP working can be frustrating at first, but once you understand the pieces—PHP binary, php.ini, extensions, PHP-FPM, and the web server—it’s much easier to fix issues when they pop up.

To recap:

• Install PHP
• Make sure php.ini is where PHP expects
• Set PHPRC if needed
• Restart PHP-FPM if you're using Nginx/Apache
• Check your logs

Once everything is running smoothly, your PHP-powered site or app will be good to go.

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If you've used PDF.js in JavaScript projects, you might have noticed the pdfjs-dist package provides files in ES6 module format (.mjs). But what if your project needs UMD-compatible .js files instead?
In this guide, I'll show you how to automatically transpile PDF.js from .mjs to UMD using Babel—no manual conversion required.

Why UMD Instead of ES6 Modules?#

Before we dive in, let’s clarify the difference:

ES6 Modules (.mjs)

• Modern JavaScript standard
• Works natively in newer browsers and Node.js
• Uses import/export syntax

UMD (.js)

• Works in older browsers, Node.js, and AMD loaders
• Better for legacy projects or bundlers that don’t support ES6

If your environment doesn’t support ES6 modules, UMD is the way to go.

See how module formats differ →

The Solution: Automate Transpilation with Babel#

Instead of searching for pre-built UMD files (which may not exist), we’ll use Babel to convert them automatically.

Step 1: Install Babel & Required Plugins#

First, install these globally (or locally in your project):

• @babel/cli → Runs Babel from the command line
• @babel/preset-env → Converts modern JS to compatible code
• @babel/plugin-transform-modules-umd → Converts modules to UMD format

For more on Babel configurations, check out the official Babel docs.

Step 2: Create the Transpilation Script#

Save this as transpile_pdfjs.sh:

Merge multiple PDFs into a single file effortlessly with our Free PDF Merger and Split large PDFs into smaller, manageable documents using our Free PDF Splitter.

Step 3: Run the Script#

1. Make it executable:

   chmod +x transpile_pdfjs.sh

   Copy

2. Execute it:

   ./transpile_pdfjs.sh

   Copy

What’s Happening?#

✔ Checks for Babel → Ensures the tool is installed.
✔ Creates a umd folder → Stores the converted .js files.
✔ Transpiles .mjs → UMD → Uses Babel to convert module formats.
✔ Skips minified files → Avoids re-processing .min.mjs.

Want to automate your JS build process further? Check out this BrowserStack.

Final Thoughts#

Now you can use PDF.js in any environment, even if it doesn’t support ES6 modules!

🔹 No manual conversion → Fully automated.
🔹 Works with the latest pdfjs-dist → Always up-to-date.
🔹 Reusable script → Run it anytime you update PDF.js.

And if you want to bundle your PDF.js output, Rollup’s guide to output formats is a great next read.
Next time you need UMD-compatible PDF.js, just run this script and you’re done!
Simplify the deployment of your Node.js applications Check out this nife.io.

Have you ever wondered how businesses manage intensive data processing, high-quality graphics rendering, and large AI training without purchasing incredibly costly hardware? GPU-as-a-Service (GPUaaS) fills that need! You may rent powerful GPUs on demand with this cloud-based solution. Simply log in and turn on; there's no need to maintain hardware. Let's dissect it.

What's GPUaaS All About?#

A cloud service called GPUaaS makes Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) available for use in computation-intensive applications. GPUs are excellent at parallel processing, which sets them apart from conventional CPU-based processing and makes them perfect for tasks requiring quick computations. Users can employ cloud-based services from companies like AWS, Google Cloud, or Microsoft Azure in place of spending money on specialized GPU infrastructure. Applications involving AI, 3D rendering, and huge data benefit greatly from this strategy.

How Does GPUaaS Work?#

Like other cloud computing platforms, GPUaaS provides customers with on-demand access to GPU resources. Users rent GPU capacity from cloud providers, who handle the infrastructure, software upgrades, and optimizations, rather than buying and maintaining expensive hardware. Typical usage cases include:

• AI & Machine Learning: Through parallel computing, GPUs effectively manage the thousands of matrix operations needed for deep learning models. Model parallelism and data parallelism are two strategies that use GPU clusters to divide workloads and boost productivity.

• Graphics and Animation: For real-time processing and high-resolution output, rendering engines used in video games, movies, and augmented reality (AR) rely on GPUs. GPU shader cores are used by technologies like rasterization and ray tracing to produce photorealistic visuals.

• Scientific Research: The enormous floating-point computing capability of GPUs is useful for computational simulations in physics, chemistry, and climate modeling. Researchers can optimize calculations for multi-GPU settings using the CUDA and OpenCL frameworks.

• Mining Cryptocurrency: GPUs are used for cryptographic hash computations in blockchain networks that use proof-of-work techniques. Memory tuning and overclocking are used to maximize mining speed.

Businesses and developers can dynamically increase their computing power using GPUaaS, which lowers overhead expenses and boosts productivity.

Why Use GPUaaS? (The Technical Advantages)#

• Parallel Computing Power: Performance in AI, simulations, and rendering jobs is greatly increased by GPUs' hundreds of CUDA or Tensor cores, which are tuned to run numerous threads at once.

• High-Performance Architecture: GPUs can handle large datasets more quickly than traditional CPUs thanks to their high memory bandwidth (HBM2, GDDR6) and tensor core acceleration (found in NVIDIA A100, H100) GPUs.

• Dynamic Scalability: As workloads grow, users can assign more GPU resources to avoid resource bottlenecks. GPU nodes can scale smoothly thanks to cluster orchestration solutions like Kubernetes.

• Support for Accelerated Libraries: Many frameworks, including TensorFlow, PyTorch, and CUDA, use deep learning optimizations like distributed inference and mixed-precision training to maximize GPU acceleration.

• Energy Efficiency: NVIDIA TensorRT and AMD ROCm are two examples of deep learning-specific cores that modern GPUs use to provide great performance per watt for AI model inference and training.

For those looking to optimize cloud deployment even further, consider BYOH (Bring Your Own Host) for fully customized environments or BYOC (Bring Your Own Cluster) to integrate your own clusters with powerful cloud computing solutions.

Leading GPUaaS Providers and Their Technologies#

GPUaaS solutions are available from major cloud service providers, each with unique software and hardware optimizations:

• Amazon Web Services (AWS) - EC2 GPU Instances: includes deep learning and AI-optimized NVIDIA A10G, A100, and Tesla GPUs. use Nitro Hypervisor to maximize virtualization performance.

• Google Cloud - GPU Instances: Features various scaling options and supports the NVIDIA Tesla T4, V100, and A100. optimizes AI workloads by integrating with TensorFlow Enterprise.

• Microsoft Azure - NV-Series VMs: offers AI and graphics virtual machines with NVIDIA capability. enables GPU-accelerated model training and inference with Azure ML.

• NVIDIA Cloud GPU Solutions: provides direct cloud-based access to powerful GPUs tuned for machine learning and artificial intelligence. For real-time rendering applications, NVIDIA Omniverse is utilized.

• Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI) - GPU Compute: provides large data and AI applications with enterprise-level GPU acceleration. enables low-latency GPU-to-GPU communication via RDMA over InfiniBand.

Each provider has different pricing models, performance tiers, and configurations tailored to various computing needs.

Challenges and Considerations in GPUaaS#

While GPUaaS is a powerful tool, it comes with challenges:

• Cost Management: If GPU-intensive tasks are not effectively optimized, they may result in high operating costs. Cost-controlling strategies include auto-scaling and spot instance pricing.

• Latency Issues: Network delay brought on by cloud-based GPU resources may affect real-time applications such as live AI inference and gaming. PCIe Gen4 and NVLink are examples of high-speed interconnects that reduce latency.

• Data Security: Strong encryption and compliance mechanisms, like hardware-accelerated encryption and secure enclaves, are necessary when sending and processing sensitive data on the cloud.

• Software Compatibility: Not every workload is suited for cloud-based GPUs, thus applications must be adjusted to enhance performance. Compatibility issues can be resolved with the aid of optimized software stacks such as AMD ROCm and NVIDIA CUDA-X AI.

The Future of GPUaaS#

The need for GPUaaS will increase as AI, gaming, and large-scale data applications develop further. Even more efficiency and processing power are promised by GPU hardware advancements like AMD's MI300 series and NVIDIA's Hopper architecture. Furthermore, advancements in federated learning and edge computing will further incorporate GPUaaS into a range of sectors.

Emerging trends include:

• Quantum-Assisted GPUs: Quantum computing and GPUs may be combined in future hybrid systems to do incredibly quick optimization jobs.

• AI-Powered GPU Scheduling: Reinforcement learning will be used by sophisticated schedulers to dynamically optimize GPU allocation.

• Zero-Trust Security Models: Data safety in cloud GPU systems will be improved by multi-tenant security, enhanced encryption, and confidential computing.

Final Thoughts#

The way that industries use high-performance computing is changing as a result of GPUaaS. It allows companies to speed up AI, scientific research, and graphics-intensive applications without having to make significant hardware investments by giving them scalable, affordable access to powerful GPUs. GPUaaS will play an even more significant role in the digital environment as cloud computing develops, driving the upcoming wave of innovation.

A fascinating adventure begins each time you enter a URL into your browser and press Enter. Within milliseconds, a series of complex processes occur behind the scenes to load the webpage. Let's explore how data moves from servers to browsers and examine the life of an HTTP request.

Step 1: You Type a URL#

When you type www.example.com into the address bar of your browser, you are requesting that your browser retrieve the webpage from a server. However, the browser needs help finding the webpage since it lacks the necessary knowledge.

Step 2: DNS Lookup#

To convert the human-readable domain (www.example.com) into an IP address (e.g., 192.0.2.1), the browser contacts a Domain Name System (DNS) server.

Computers use IP addresses, not words, to communicate. DNS maps domain names to IP addresses, acting as the internet's phone book.

Step 3: Establishing a Connection (TCP/IP)#

After obtaining the IP address, the browser uses the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) to establish a connection with the server. This involves a process called the TCP handshake, which ensures both the client (browser) and server are ready to communicate:

1. The browser sends a SYN packet to the server.
2. The server responds with a SYN-ACK packet.
3. The browser replies with an ACK packet to complete the handshake.

If the website uses HTTPS, an additional TLS handshake occurs to encrypt communication for security.

Step 4: The HTTP Request#

Once connected, the browser makes an HTTP request to the server.

Example Request:#

• GET: The browser requests a resource (like a webpage or image).
• Host: Specifies the domain.
• User-Agent: Informs the server about the browser and device being used.

Step 5: The Server Responds#

After processing the request, the server sends back a response.

Example Response:#

• Status Code: Indicates success (200 OK) or failure (404 Not Found).
• Headers: Provide metadata, such as content type.
• Body: Contains the actual webpage content.

Step 6: Rendering the Page#

Once the response is received, the browser renders the page:

1. Parse HTML: The browser builds a Document Object Model (DOM) from the HTML.
2. Fetch Additional Resources: If CSS, JavaScript, or images are required, new HTTP requests are made.
3. Apply Styles: CSS is applied to style the page.
4. Run JavaScript: Scripts execute for interactive elements.

Step 7: Caching#

To speed up future visits, the browser caches resources like images and CSS files. This reduces load times by avoiding redundant downloads.

Step 8: Displaying the Page#

Once all resources are loaded, the browser displays the webpage!

Behind the Scenes: What Else Happens?#

Load Balancers#

Distribute incoming traffic among multiple servers to prevent overload and improve response times.

Content Delivery Networks (CDNs)#

Cache static assets (like images and CSS) on globally distributed servers to serve users faster.

Databases#

For dynamic content, the server queries a database before sending the response.

Compression#

Servers use GZIP compression to reduce file sizes and improve loading speed.

Common Bottlenecks and Solutions#

Conclusion#

An HTTP request follows a sophisticated journey through various technical processes, ensuring seamless web browsing. Understanding these steps gives us a deeper appreciation of the technology that powers the internet.

Next time you load a webpage, take a moment to recognize the intricate system working behind the scenes!

Simplify your application deployment with Nife.io : whether you're hosting frontends, databases, or entire web applications, our platform makes it effortless. Get started with our guides:

• Deploying Applications on Nife
• Frontend Deployment with Nife

🔗 Want to dive deeper? Explore HTTP Requests on MDN.

Introduction#

By combining Next.js and Django, you can take use of both frameworks' strengths: Next.js provides a quick, server-rendered frontend, while Django offers a stable backend. In this tutorial, we'll create a basic book review application in which Next.js retrieves and presents book data that Django delivers over an API.

After completing this tutorial, you will have a functional setup in which Next.js renders dynamic book reviews by using Django's API.

Why Use Next.js with Django?#

✅ Fast Rendering: Next.js supports SSR (Server-Side Rendering) and SSG (Static Site Generation), improving performance.

✅ Separation of Concerns: Business logic is handled by Django, and UI rendering is done by Next.js.

✅ Scalability: Since each technology can grow on its own, future improvements will be simpler.

Step 1: Setting Up Django as the Backend#

1. Install Django and Django REST Framework#

Create a virtual environment and install dependencies:

2. Create a Django Project and App#

3. Configure Django REST Framework#

In settings.py, add REST framework and the reviews app:

4. Define the Book Review Model#

In reviews/models.py:

Run migrations:

5. Create a Serializer and API View#

In reviews/serializers.py:

In reviews/views.py:

Add a URL route in reviews/urls.py:

Include this in book_api/urls.py:

Run the server:

You can now access book reviews at http://127.0.0.1:8000/api/reviews/.

Step 2: Setting Up Next.js as the Frontend#

1. Install Next.js#

In a new terminal, create a Next.js app:

2. Fetch Data from Django API#

Modify pages/index.js to fetch book reviews:

3. Start the Next.js Server#

Run:

Visit http://localhost:3000/ to see book reviews fetched from Django!

Step 3: Connecting Frontend and Backend#

Since Django and Next.js run on different ports (8000 and 3000), we need to handle CORS (Cross-Origin Resource Sharing).

1. Install Django CORS Headers#

In Django, install CORS middleware:

Add it to settings.py:

Restart Django:

Now, Next.js can fetch data without CORS issues!

Conclusion#

You've created a book review app by successfully integrating Next.js with Django. What we did was as follows:

1. Use the Django REST Framework to install Django.
2. To offer book reviews, an API was developed.
3. Created a frontend using Next.js to show reviews.
4. Set up CORS to allow front-end and back-end communication.

This setup provides a solid foundation for full-stack development. You can now extend it with Django Authentication, a database, or advanced UI components!

Looking to deploy your full-stack application seamlessly? Check out Nife.io a powerful platform for serverless deployment, scaling, and cloud cost optimization! 🚀

Further Reading#

• Django REST Framework Documentation
• Next.js API Routes

Next.js has been a popular choice among React developers because to its built-in features like as server-side rendering (SSR), static site generation (SSG), and a strong emphasis on performance and scalability. If you already have a project developed with Create React App (CRA) and want to migrate to Next.js, this guide will bring you through the process step by step.

Why Migrate from CRA to Next.js?#

Before diving into the migration process, let's explore the benefits of Next.js over CRA:

1. Improved Performance:SSR and SSG increase page load time and SEO.
2. Built-in Routing: Next.js provides file-based routing, which eliminates the requirement for libraries such as React Router.
3. API Routes: Create serverless functions from within your app.
4. Optimized Bundling: Next.js offers improved tree-shaking and code splitting.

Learn more about Next.js features.

Step 1: Set Up the Next.js Project#

Start by creating a new Next.js project:

If you use TypeScript in your CRA project, you can enable it in Next.js by renaming files to '.tsx' and installing the required dependencies:

Step 2: Move CRA Files to Next.js#

1. Copy src Files#

Copy all files from the src folder in your CRA project to the pages or components folder in your Next.js project. Organize them logically:

• Place React components in a components folder.
• Place page-level components in the pages folder.

2. Transfer Static Files#

Move files from the public directory of CRA to the public directory in Next.js.

3. Remove index.js#

Next.js uses pages/index.js as the default entry point. Rename or move your App.js content to pages/index.js.

Step 3: Update Routing#

Next.js employs file-based routing, so you don't require a routing package like React Router. Replace React Router routes with this file structure:

1. Update Route Logic#

In CRA:

In Next.js, create corresponding files:

2. Update Navigation#

Replace <Link> from React Router with Next.js's <Link>:

Read more about Next.js routing.

Step 4: Update Styles#

If you're using CSS or Sass, ensure styles are compatible with Next.js:

1. Global Styles#

Move CRA's index.css to styles/globals.css in Next.js.

Import it in pages/_app.js:

2. CSS Modules#

Next.js supports CSS Modules out of the box. Rename CSS files to [ComponentName].module.css and import them directly into the component.

Step 5: Update API Calls#

Next.js supports server-side logic via API routes. If your CRA app relies on a separate backend or makes API calls, you can:

1. Migrate API Calls#

Move server-side logic to pages/api. For example:

2. Update Client-Side Fetches#

Update fetch URLs to point to the new API routes or external APIs.

Step 6: Optimize for SSR and SSG#

Next.js provides several data-fetching methods. Replace CRA's useEffect with appropriate Next.js methods:

1. Static Site Generation (SSG)#

2. Server-Side Rendering (SSR)#

Step 7: Install Required Dependencies#

Next.js requires some specific dependencies that may differ from CRA:

1. Install any missing packages:

2. Install additional packages if you used specific libraries in CRA (e.g., Axios, Redux, Tailwind CSS).

Step 8: Test the Application#

1. Run the development server:

2. Check the console and fix any errors or warnings.
3. Test all pages and routes to ensure the migration was successful.

Step 9: Deploy the Next.js App#

Next.js simplifies deployment with platforms like Oikos by Nife:

1. Push your project to a Git repository (e.g., GitHub).
2. Build your Next.js app locally.
3. Upload your build app from the Oikos dashboard and deploy it.

Learn more about Site Deployment.

Conclusion#

Migrating from CRA to Next.js may appear difficult, but by following these steps, you may fully benefit from Next.js' advanced capabilities and performance optimizations. Your migration will go smoothly and successfully if you plan ahead of time and test thoroughly.